Best 14-Inch Electric Pizza Ovens: Top 9 Picks (November 2026)
The best 14-inch electric pizza ovens include the Presto 03430 Pizzazz Plus Rotating Oven for automatic rotation, the PIEZANO XL 14" Electric Pizza Oven Indoor for 14-inch stone-baked pizza, and the PIEZANO Crispy Crust Pizza Oven by Granitestone for compact crispy crusts.
On this page (5 sections)
The best electric pizza oven 14-inch pick is the PIEZANO XL 14-inch, with an 800°F ceramic stone and separate top and bottom heat controls. BIG HORN is the stronger high-heat alternative, while VEVOR gives you room for a larger 16-inch pizza.
The key difference in this group is cooking space. Only some models fit a full 14-inch pie, while others focus on smaller pizzas, extra cooking modes or easier storage.
For a broader look at countertop placement, compare our Best Electric Pizza Oven For Home Use guide. If you mainly want Neapolitan crust, see the Best Electric Pizza Oven For Neapolitan Pizza picks.
Our picks at a glance
-
1
Best for automatic rotationPresto 03430 Pizzazz Plus Rotating Oven
9.7/10 our score
See it on Amazon -
2
Best for 14-inch stone-baked pizzaPIEZANO XL 14" Electric Pizza Oven Indoor
9.6/10 our score
See it on Amazon -
3
Best for compact crispy crustsPIEZANO Crispy Crust Pizza Oven by Granitestone
9.5/10 our score
See it on Amazon
- 4
Best for outdoor versatilityCheck it - 5
Check itBIG HORN 14-Inch Indoor Pizza Oven
Best for high-heat 14-inch pies - 6
Check itChefman Everything Maker & Pizza Oven
Best for multi-use cooking - 7
Check itGourmia Electric Indoor Pizza Oven
Best for pizza and air frying - 8
Best for the largest pizza sizeCheck it - 9
Check itZACHVO 13-in-1 Indoor Pizza Oven
Best for fast preset baking
The best electric pizza oven 14-inch picks
The PIEZANO XL is the closest fit for most shoppers who specifically want a 14-inch electric pizza oven. BIG HORN adds higher heat and PID control, while the smaller models make sense when counter space or extra cooking functions matter.
Our score weighs specs, features and buyer feedback against the needs of someone shopping for a 14-inch electric pizza oven.
| Product | Best for | Pizza size | Power | Dimensions | Our score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Presto 03430 Pizzazz Plus Rotating Oven | automatic rotation | 7 to 12 in | 1,235 watts | 14.5 D x 15.8 W x 10.3 H in | 9.7 |
| PIEZANO XL 14" Electric Pizza Oven Indoor | 14-inch stone-baked pizza | 14 in | 1,200 watts | 13.62 D x 13.77 W x 6.49 H in | 9.6 |
| PIEZANO Crispy Crust Pizza Oven by Granitestone | compact crispy crusts | 12 in | 1,200 watts | 9.5 | |
| Ninja Artisan Pizza Oven | outdoor versatility | 12 in | 20.78 D x 16.22 W x 12.4 H in | 9.5 | |
| BIG HORN 14-Inch Indoor Pizza Oven | high-heat 14-inch pies | 14 in | 1,800 watts | 9.4 | |
| Chefman Everything Maker & Pizza Oven | multi-use cooking | 1,440 watts | 15 D x 13 W x 4 H in | 9.3 | |
| Gourmia Electric Indoor Pizza Oven | pizza and air frying | 12 in | 1,800 watts | 8.9 | |
| VEVOR Electric Pizza Oven | the largest pizza size | 16 in | 1,750 watts | 22.72 D x 25 W x 7.36 H in | 8.9 |
| ZACHVO 13-in-1 Indoor Pizza Oven | fast preset baking | 12 in | 1,700 watts | 19.49 D x 17.91 W x 10.87 H in | 8.3 |
Presto 03430 Pizzazz Plus Rotating Oven: Best for automatic rotation
- Continuously rotating tray
- Separate top and bottom heating elements
- Automatic shutoff timer
- Removable nonstick baking pan
The rotating tray and separate heating controls make this a flexible choice for smaller pizzas and frozen foods. It does not fit a full 12-inch pizza.
Pros
- Rotating tray
- Top and bottom heat controls
- Automatic shutoff
Cons
- Fits pizzas up to 12 in
- Not a stone-based oven
The Presto Pizzazz Plus is the most unusual pick here because its tray rotates continuously while top and bottom heating elements can be controlled separately.
That design helps spread heat across smaller pizzas without requiring you to turn the food by hand.
It fits pizzas from 7 to 12 inches, so it is not a 14-inch oven.
The removable nonstick baking pan is easier to store and clean than a fixed cooking surface.
You can lift the pan out after cooking and wash it like other nonstick cookware, which suits busy weeknights.
The timer signals when cooking ends and automatically turns off the heating elements.
This makes the Presto a practical choice for frozen, homemade and take-and-bake pizzas when convenience matters more than artisan stone baking.
The separate controls also help with foods such as chicken nuggets, jalapeño poppers, fish fillets, egg rolls, cinnamon rolls and cookies.
You can run more bottom heat for a rising crust, then add top heat to finish the cheese.
That flexibility is useful if you cook for children or anyone who wants a softer bake.
At 1,235 watts, it is less powerful than the 1,700 to 1,800 watt models in this roundup.
It also works without preheating, so it starts rotating and baking as soon as you plug it in.
Choose it for automatic rotation and flexible smaller-pizza cooking.
If you need a true 14-inch cooking surface, move to the PIEZANO XL or BIG HORN.
PIEZANO XL 14" Electric Pizza Oven Indoor: Best for 14-inch stone-baked pizza
- 14-inch ceramic pizza stone
- Heat up to 800°F
- Separate top and bottom heat controls
- Pizza peel and scraper included
This is the clearest match for shoppers searching for a 14-inch electric pizza oven. The ceramic stone and dual heat controls support crisp bases and adjustable top browning.
Pros
- 14-inch stone surface
- 800°F maximum heat
- Compact countertop shape
Cons
- 3-prong plug required
- Ceramic stone needs careful cleaning
The PIEZANO XL is the best direct match for this roundup because its 14-inch ceramic stone gives you the cooking space the keyword calls for.
It heats to 800°F, and separate upper and lower controls let you adjust cheese browning and base crisping independently.
That setup suits fresh dough because you can drive heat into the base while keeping the top from darkening too fast.
The oven uses electric power and a 3-prong plug.
Its countertop design includes suction-cup feet, and the box includes a pizza peel, pizza stone and user manual.
The suction cups help keep the unit steady while you open the door and slide a pie in or out.
At 13.62 inches deep by 13.77 inches wide by 6.49 inches high, it has a compact shape for a 14-inch oven.
Use the stone for fresh pizza, calzones, flatbreads and reheated slices.
Let it cool before cleaning, and keep wet ingredients from pooling on the ceramic surface.
A cool stone is easier to handle and less likely to crack from sudden temperature changes.
Choose this model when you want a full 14-inch pie with high heat in a compact indoor format.
The PIEZANO XL is also a good starting point for readers comparing the best rotating electric pizza oven with fixed-stone designs.
If you prefer hands-off rotation, Presto handles that job, but it cannot fit a 14-inch pie.
PIEZANO Crispy Crust Pizza Oven by Granitestone: Best for compact crispy crusts
- 12-inch ceramic stone
- Heat up to 800°F
- Dual heat controls
- 2 pizza peels and stone scraper included
The red PIEZANO is a strong alternative when 12 inches is enough. Its ceramic stone, high heat and separate heating controls focus on crisp crust results.
Pros
- 800°F maximum heat
- Removable stone
- Includes 2 pizza peels
Cons
- Fits 12-inch pizzas
- Smaller cooking area than 14-inch picks
The red PIEZANO Crispy Crust model suits cooks who want 800°F stone baking but usually make 12-inch pizzas.
Its ceramic stone and separate heat controls give you a similar high-heat approach to the larger PIEZANO XL.
You can set the upper and lower elements differently, which helps balance a crisp base against melted cheese.
The oven includes 2 pizza peels and a stone scraper.
Its suction-cup base helps keep the countertop unit steady, while the removable stone supports cleanup after it cools.
Having two peels is handy because you can load one pie while the other waits with the next dough.
The scraper helps clear flour or baked-on bits before they smoke on the next round.
This is a better fit for smaller pies than for a strict 14-inch requirement.
The 12-inch surface can still work well for personal pizzas, smaller family meals and reheated slices.
It can also handle calzones and flatbreads if you keep the size within the stone.
The trade-off is clear if you host large-pizza nights or buy 14-inch frozen pies.
Choose it when 12 inches is enough and you value the extra accessories.
For more cooking room, choose the XL model or BIG HORN.
Ninja Artisan Pizza Oven: Best for outdoor versatility
- Five pizza settings
- Bake, broil, proof and warm functions
- 700°F maximum temperature
- 12 x 12-inch pizza stone and bake pan included
The Ninja Artisan is better for outdoor cooking than for a strict 14-inch requirement. Its five pizza styles and extra cooking modes help when pizza night includes sides and bread.
Pros
- Five pizza settings
- Proofing function
- Weather-resistant outdoor design
Cons
- Fits 12-inch pizzas
- Lower maximum heat than several picks here
The Ninja Artisan is the strongest outdoor choice because it combines five pizza settings with bake, broil, proof and warm functions.
It reaches 700°F and fits a 12-inch pizza, so it is not a 14-inch indoor countertop model.
The pizza settings cover Neapolitan, thin crust, pan, New York and custom styles.
Those presets help if you like switching crust styles without setting temperature and time from scratch.
The proofing setting uses 90°F, which can help you manage dough before baking.
That range also works for warming or holding foods, which makes the oven useful beyond pizza night.
The included 12 x 12-inch pizza stone and bake pan support pizza and side dishes.
You can bake a pizza while a pan of mac and cheese or vegetables cooks nearby in the same heat.
A viewing window lets you watch food without opening the door, and the weather-resistant design is made for outdoor placement.
At 25 pounds, it is heavier than the compact indoor models, so plan where you will store it.
The 700°F maximum is lower than the 800°F to 850°F indoor picks, so it suits a different cooking style.
Choose Ninja when outdoor versatility matters more than 14-inch capacity.
If you want an indoor 14-inch oven, the PIEZANO XL and BIG HORN are better matches.
BIG HORN 14-Inch Indoor Pizza Oven: Best for high-heat 14-inch pies
- 850°F maximum temperature
- PID temperature control
- Six preset programs
- 14-inch stone and pizza peel included
BIG HORN suits buyers who want 14-inch capacity with the highest maximum heat among the indoor 14-inch models here. Its flip-up design may also help with countertop storage.
Pros
- 850°F maximum heat
- PID control
- Six cooking programs
Cons
- Larger footprint
- 15-minute preheat
BIG HORN is the high-heat 14-inch alternative, with an 850°F maximum temperature and PID control across 220°F to 850°F.
Its 1,800-watt heating system uses upper and lower tubes for even baking.
PID control matters because it aims to hold the set temperature instead of swinging above and below it.
Six preset programs cover manual, wood fired, frozen, New York, thin crispy and deep dish settings.
Those presets can help beginners, while manual mode gives experienced cooks more room to adjust.
The oven includes a 14-inch stone, pizza peel and user manual.
The flip-up design reduces its footprint by 50% compared with traditional ovens, but its listed dimensions are still larger than the PIEZANO XL.
It measures 20.31 inches deep by 18.86 inches wide by 10.44 inches high.
It preheats in about 15 minutes.
That wait is part of the trade-off for a fully heated stone and high-heat baking.
Choose BIG HORN if you want the highest heat and more preset control among the 14-inch picks.
The removable stone and door also make routine cleanup easier.
Chefman Everything Maker & Pizza Oven: Best for multi-use cooking
- 12-inch nonstick cooking plates
- Makes quesadillas, omelettes and pancakes
- Reaches 428°F
- Vertical storage
Chefman is for shoppers who want a pizza maker that also handles several flat-plate foods. It is not a high-heat 14-inch stone oven.
Pros
- Nonstick plates
- Vertical storage
- Five-year warranty
Cons
- 12-inch cooking area
- 428°F maximum heat
Chefman is for shoppers who want a pizza maker that also works as an everything maker.
Its 12-inch nonstick cooking plates reach 428°F and can handle quesadillas, omelettes, pancakes, sandwiches, tortilla pressing and crepes.
That wide range makes it a daily appliance rather than a pizza-only tool.
The unit heats in as little as 3 minutes and uses indicator lights to show power and preheating.
Dual lights make it easier to tell when the plates are ready, which helps with breakfast or lunch.
When closed, it can stand vertically for storage, which helps in a crowded kitchen.
At 15 inches deep by 13 inches wide by 4 inches high, it fits more easily in a cabinet or on a narrow counter.
It includes the Everything Maker and a user guide with a link to a digital cookbook.
The recipes cover tostadas, French toast, calzones, focaccia and a giant cookie.
The cooking surface is smaller and cooler than the stone ovens in this roundup, so it suits flat foods more than fast artisan pizza.
Nonstick plates wipe clean with a damp cloth, which is simpler than stone care.
Choose Chefman when everyday multi-use cooking is the priority.
It is not the right pick if you need a 14-inch pizza or an 800°F bake.
Gourmia Electric Indoor Pizza Oven: Best for pizza and air frying
- Six pizza presets
- Seven cooking functions
- Up to 800°F for pizza stone preheat
- Air fry basket and cordierite stone included
Gourmia fits buyers who want a compact pizza oven that also air fries, bakes, roasts, broils, toasts, makes bagels and dehydrates. It does not provide 14-inch pizza space.
Pros
- Six pizza presets
- Seven cooking functions
- Dishwasher-safe accessories
Cons
- 12-inch pizza capacity
- Large 21-inch width
Gourmia suits cooks who want pizza, air frying and toaster-oven functions in one appliance.
For more countertop choices with these functions, compare electric pizza ovens with air fryers.
It fits 12-inch pizzas, reaches up to 800°F for pizza stone preheating and offers six pizza presets.
The presets cover Neapolitan, New York, thin crust, pan, frozen and manual cooking.
The seven cooking functions include air fry, bake, roast, broil, toast, bagel and dehydrate.
Independent upper and lower burners give you more control over cheese browning and crust color.
That dual control is helpful when you switch from pizza to a baked snack in the same day.
Included accessories are an air fry basket, drip tray, pizza stone, user manual and wire rack.
The basket, rack and tray are dishwasher safe, while the stone should be hand washed.
At 17.5 inches deep by 21 inches wide by 11 inches high, it needs a wide countertop.
At 28.5 pounds, it is also one of the heavier models here.
Choose Gourmia when daily cooking range matters more than 14-inch capacity.
Its 21-inch width also means you should measure your counter before setting it up.
VEVOR Electric Pizza Oven: Best for the largest pizza size
- Fits 16-inch pizzas
- 1,750 watts
- 77 to 572°F temperature range
- 0 to 60-minute timer
VEVOR gives you more cooking space than a 14-inch oven, with dual heating tubes and a timer. Its maximum temperature is lower than the high-heat artisan models.
Pros
- 16-inch cooking area
- Timer and temperature control
- Pull-out crumb tray
Cons
- 572°F maximum temperature
- 25-inch width
VEVOR gives you the largest pizza capacity here, with room for 16-inch pizzas and a 1,750-watt heating system.
Its temperature range runs from 77°F to 572°F, so it offers more space but less maximum heat than the artisan-style models.
That lower ceiling suits many baked foods, but it will not match 800°F to 850°F stone baking.
A 0 to 60-minute timer and temperature knob keep the controls simple.
You can set the heat, set the time and let the oven work without constant checks.
Dual heating tubes support top and bottom baking, while the pull-out crumb tray and grill rack help with cleanup and food handling.
The crumb tray is useful because cheese and flour fall where they will on a large pie.
The 25-inch width is a major planning point.
It measures 22.72 inches deep by 25 inches wide by 7.36 inches high, so it needs a large counter or work table.
Measure the counter, nearby cabinets and access route before choosing this model for a kitchen or commercial workspace.
At 28.7 pounds, it is not a model you will move often.
Choose VEVOR if a 14-inch pizza feels too small and you prefer extra surface area.
Pick BIG HORN or PIEZANO XL if high-temperature crust baking matters more than size.
ZACHVO 13-in-1 Indoor Pizza Oven: Best for fast preset baking
- 850°F maximum temperature
- Six pizza presets and six bake modes
- 90-second 12-inch Neapolitan pizza claim
- Pizza stone, peel and baking pan included
ZACHVO suits cooks who want many presets and an 850°F indoor oven in a compact format. Its stated 12-inch pizza size falls short of the 14-inch target.
Pros
- 850°F maximum heat
- PID temperature control
- 13 cooking modes
Cons
- 12-inch pizza capacity
- Not a 14-inch model
ZACHVO is the preset-heavy option, with 13 cooking modes, 850°F maximum heat and PID temperature control.
It fits 12-inch pizzas, including a stated 90-second Neapolitan-style bake after full preheating.
That speed claim depends on full preheating, so plan for the oven to get hot before the dough goes in.
Six pizza presets cover Neapolitan, New York, thin crust, pan-style and frozen pizza cooking.
Six additional bake modes cover baking, roasting, grilling, dehydrating, defrosting and warming.
The mix gives you everyday oven functions alongside pizza, which can save space if you already have a larger oven at home.
The box includes a pizza stone, peel, baking pan and recipe book.
A top viewing window and interior light help you watch the bake without opening the door often.
That helps protect heat and makes it easier to stop the bake at the right color.
At 1,700 watts, it has strong power for its size.
Choose ZACHVO when preset variety and fast 12-inch pizza matter.
It is not a 14-inch oven, despite its larger outside dimensions and XL size label.
How do you choose a 14-inch electric pizza oven?
Choose the PIEZANO XL for a compact 14-inch stone surface, or choose BIG HORN if you want 850°F heat and PID control.
VEVOR is the size-first choice because it fits 16-inch pizzas.
Your first decision should be the largest pizza you will realistically make at home.
If that answer is 14 inches, only the PIEZANO XL and BIG HORN in this group meet the brief.
If you make 12-inch pies most nights, a smaller oven may use less heat and less counter space.
Extra modes can be a real benefit, but they should not override the pizza size you need.
Start by checking the usable pizza size, not only the outside dimensions.
A wide oven can still have a 12-inch cooking surface, as shown by Gourmia, Ninja, ZACHVO and Chefman.
That gap matters because a 14-inch dough will not shrink to fit a 12-inch stone.
Next, match the heat system to your crust goals.
PIEZANO XL and BIG HORN offer the most direct path to high-heat stone baking, while Chefman uses lower-temperature nonstick plates for broader flat-food use.
High heat helps with a crisp base and fast cheese melt, but it also demands preheating and careful handling with a peel.
Lower heat can be more forgiving for frozen foods, snacks and breakfast items.
Then think about controls, because manual knobs and presets suit different cooks.
Presets help you repeat a style, while separate top and bottom controls let you fix a pale base or dark cheese mid-bake.
Counter space is the next filter, often before price or features.
Measure the width, depth and door swing, and check where the outlet sits.
For a clearer explanation of heating elements, controls and cooking surfaces, read What Is a Pizza Oven and How Does It Work?.
That background will help you read the specs for any model on this list.
What countertop space does a 14-inch pizza oven need?
A 14-inch pizza oven needs more than 14 inches of clear counter space because the cabinet, door movement and ventilation area also matter.
BIG HORN measures 20.31 inches deep by 18.86 inches wide, while PIEZANO XL measures 13.62 inches deep by 13.77 inches wide.
That difference shows why two ovens with the same pizza size can feel very different on a counter.
The BIG HORN also stands 10.44 inches high, so check the space under wall cabinets before you buy.
The PIEZANO XL stands only 6.49 inches high, which makes it easier to fit under many cabinets.
Leave room to handle a hot peel and to open the door safely.
You will need a clear path in front of the oven, not just space beside it.
Check the electrical outlet location too, especially with models that use a 3-prong plug.
The PIEZANO models use a 3-prong plug, so a two-prong outlet may not work without an adapter.
That small detail can delay your first pizza night if you find it after delivery.
The VEVOR is the largest width choice at 25 inches.
It measures 22.72 inches deep by 25 inches wide by 7.36 inches high, so it needs a wide, open work area.
Presto has a smaller footprint but only fits pizzas up to 12 inches.
Its 14.5 inch depth by 15.8 inch width still needs a planned spot on the counter.
Gourmia is 21 inches wide, and ZACHVO is 17.91 inches wide, so both need more room than their 12-inch pizza size suggests.
Chefman is the shallowest at 4 inches high when closed, which helps with vertical storage.
Measure your counter with a tape before you order, and leave extra room for a peel, a hot pan and a place to set the finished pie.
How do you use an electric pizza oven for a crisp base?
Use a heated stone, keep the pizza size within the oven's stated capacity and balance upper heat with lower heat.
A thin layer of toppings helps the base cook before the cheese becomes too dark.
Heavy or wet toppings release moisture, which can make the center soft even in a hot oven.
Preheat according to the model's instructions, then use a peel to move the pizza onto the stone when the oven includes one.
A fully heated stone gives the base a head start, which matters more than a quick surface bake.
If your oven has separate controls, start with strong lower heat for the base.
Add more top heat near the end if the cheese needs color.
Separate upper and lower controls, available on the PIEZANO models and Gourmia, let you adjust browning during the bake.
A rotating tray, as used by Presto, reduces the need to turn smaller pizzas manually.
That helps with frozen pizza and snacks, but it does not replace stone heat for a crisp artisan base.
Stretch the dough evenly and keep the rim within the stone size.
An uneven edge can fold or catch when you slide the pie in.
Let the oven recover heat after you load a cold pizza before you open the door again.
Watch through the window when your model has one, and judge by color rather than time alone.
Pull the pizza when the base feels firm and the cheese has set, then let it rest briefly before slicing.
Good crispness comes from size, heat balance and dry toppings working together.
Which 14-inch electric pizza oven should you buy?
The PIEZANO XL is the best electric pizza oven 14-inch choice for most homes because it combines a 14-inch ceramic stone, 800°F heat and separate upper and lower controls in a compact design.
It is the simplest match if your main goal is a full 14-inch pie on a home counter.
Pick BIG HORN if you want 850°F heat, PID control and six preset programs.
That model costs more counter space and needs about 15 minutes to preheat.
Choose VEVOR if you need a 16-inch pizza surface, and choose Presto if automatic rotation matters more than large-pie capacity.
Each of those picks solves a different problem, so do not force one oven to do every job.
If you cook mostly 12-inch pizzas, the red PIEZANO, Ninja, Gourmia or ZACHVO may fit your kitchen better.
Chefman is the pick for quesadillas, omelettes, pancakes and other flat foods.
If you're new to countertop pizza cooking, compare the Best Electric Pizza Oven For Beginners guide before deciding between presets, manual controls and stone baking.
Beginners often do best with a clear preset and a peel, then move to manual heat balance later.
Measure your counter space and check the plug type before you order any model here.
That planning step helps you avoid a return and start pizza night without surprises.
Our top 3 picks at a glance
-
1
Best for automatic rotation
Presto 03430 Pizzazz Plus Rotating Oven
9.7/10 our score
See it on Amazon -
2
Best for 14-inch stone-baked pizza
PIEZANO XL 14" Electric Pizza Oven Indoor
9.6/10 our score
See it on Amazon -
3
Best for compact crispy crusts
PIEZANO Crispy Crust Pizza Oven by Granitestone
9.5/10 our score
See it on Amazon
Frequently asked questions
What is the best electric pizza oven 14 inches wide?
The PIEZANO XL 14-inch is the best match for a 14-inch electric pizza oven search because it has a 14-inch ceramic stone, 800°F heat and separate top and bottom controls. BIG HORN is another strong option with 14-inch capacity, 850°F heat and PID temperature control.
Can a 14-inch electric pizza oven cook a 14-inch pizza?
Check the stated pizza size and the usable cooking surface before buying. The PIEZANO XL and BIG HORN are both listed for 14-inch pizzas, while several compact ovens here fit 12-inch pizzas even when their outside dimensions look large.
Is a 14-inch pizza oven better than a 12-inch model?
A 14-inch oven gives you more room for larger pies, but a 12-inch model can use less counter space and may suit smaller households. Read our guide to Which Is Better 12 Inch or 16 Inch Pizza Oven? before choosing your target size.
What temperature should an electric pizza oven reach?
High-heat pizza ovens in this group reach 800°F to 850°F, which suits fast stone-baked pies. Other electric ovens use lower temperatures but add functions such as air frying, baking or warming.
Match the temperature range to the crust style you plan to make.
How do you clean an electric pizza oven?
Let the oven and stone cool fully, then remove loose crumbs and wipe the approved surfaces with a damp cloth. Do not soak a ceramic or cordierite stone unless the instructions allow it.
Removable pans and trays make cleanup easier on models that include them.
